Locomotor Function of the Axial Muscles of Tetrapods

The axial muscles of tetrapods are involved in the vast majority of motor behaviors. We are interested in the role these muscles play in locomotion and the impact this has on lung ventilation. Both topics are relatively difficult to address experimentally and remain relatively unexplored.

OUR STUDIES

Carrier, D. R. (1990). Activity of the hypaxial muscles during walking in the lizard Iguana iguana. J. Exp. Biol 152, 453-470. Full text of this article in PDF

Carrier, D. R. (1991). Conflict in the hypaxial musculo-skeletal system: documenting an evolutionary constraint. Amer. Zool. 31, 644-656. Full text of this article in PDF

Carrier, D. R. (1993). Action of the hypaxial muscles during walking and swimming in the salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus. J. Exp. Biol. 180, 75-83. Full text of this article in PDF

Carrier, D. R. (1996). Function of the intercostal muscles in trotting dogs: ventilation or locomotion? J. Exp. Biol. 199, 1455-1465. Full text of this article in PDF

O’Rielly, J. C., D. A. Ritter, and D. R. Carrier. (1997). Hydrostatic locomotion in a limbless tetrapod. Nature 386, 269-272.

Fife, M. M., C. Bailey, D. V. Lee, and D. R. Carrier. (2001). Function of the oblique hypaxial muscles in trotting dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 2371-2381. Full texrt of this article in PDF

Nassar, P., A. Jackson, and D. R. Carrier. (2001). Entraining the natural frequencies of running and breathing in guinea fowl. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 1641-1651. Full text of this article in PDF

Deban, S. M. and D. R. Carrier. (2002). Hypaxial muscle activity during running and breathing in dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1953-1967. Full text of this article in PDF

Ritter, D., Nassar, P., Fife, M. and D. R. Carrier. (2001). Function of the epaxial muscles in trotting dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 3053-3064. Full text of this article in PDF

Codd, J. R., D. F. Boggs, S. F. Perry and D. R. Carrier. (2005). Activity of three muscles associated with the uncinate processes of the giant Canada goose Branta canadensis maximus. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 849-857. Full text of this article in PDF

Schilling, N. and Carrier, D. R. (2009). Function of the epaxial muscles during trotting. J. Exp. Biol. 212: 1053-1063. Full text of this article in PDF

Schilling, N. and D. R. Carrier. (2010). Function of the epaxial muscles in walking, trotting, and galloping dogs: Implications for the evolution of epaxial muscle function in tetrapods. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 1490-1502. Full text of this article in PDF

 

SELECTED ARTICLES ON RELATED TOPICS BY OTHER AUTORS

Ritter, D. A. L. E. (1995). Epaxial muscle function during locomotion in a lizard (Varanus salvator) and the proposal of a key innovation in the vertebrate axial musculoskeletal system. The Journal of experimental biology 198, 2477-2490.

Ritter, D. A. L. E. (1996). Axial muscle function during lizard locomotion. The Journal of experimental biology 199, 2499-2510.

Simons, R. S. and Brainerd, E. L. (1999). Morphological variation of hypaxial musculature in salamanders (Lissamphibia: Caudata). Journal of morphology 241, 153-164.

Brainerd, E. L. and Simons, R. S. (2000). Morphology and function of lateral hypaxial musculature in salamanders. American Zoologist 40, 77-086.

Pabst, D. A. (2000). To bend a dolphin: convergence of force transmission designs in cetaceans and scombrid fishes. American Zoologist 40, 146-155.

O'Reilly, J. C., Summers, A. P. and Ritter, D. A. (2000). The evolution of the functional role of trunk muscles during locomotion in adult amphibians. American Zoologist 40, 123-135.

Bennett, W. O., Simons, R. S. and Brainerd, E. L. (2001). Twisting and bending: the functional role of salamander lateral hypaxial musculature during locomotion. Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 1979-1989.

Azizi, E., Gillis, G. B. and Brainerd, E. L. (2002). Morphology and mechanics of myosepta in a swimming salamander (Siren lacertina). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 133, 967-978.

Brandt, Y. (2003). Lizard threat display handicaps endurance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270, 1061-1068.

Reilly, S. M. and White, T. D. (2003). Hypaxial motor patterns and the function of epipubic bones in primitive mammals. Science 299, 400-402.

Munns, S. L., Hartzler, L. K., Bennett, A. F. and Hicks, J. W. (2004). Elevated intra-abdominal pressure limits venous return during exercise in Varanus exanthematicus. Journal of experimental biology 207, 4111-4120.

Ashley-Ross, M. A. and Bechtel, B. F. (2004). Kinematics of the transition between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in the newt Taricha torosa. Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 461-474.

Azizi, E. and Horton, J. M. (2004). Patterns of axial and appendicular movements during aquatic walking in the salamander Siren lacertina. Zoology 107, 111-120.

Brainerd, E. L. and Azizi, E. (2005). Muscle fiber angle, segment bulging and architectural gear ratio in segmented musculature. Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 3249-3261.

Schilling, N. (2005). Characteristics of paravertebral muscles–fibre type distribution pattern in the pika, Ochotona rufescens (Mammalia: Lagomorpha). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43, 38-48.

Ijspeert, A. J., Crespi, A. and Cabelguen, J. M. (2005). Simulation and robotics studies of salamander locomotion. Neuroinformatics 3, 171-195.

Tsuihiji, T. (2007). Homologies of the longissimus, iliocostalis, and hypaxial muscles in the anterior presacral region of extant Diapsida. Journal of Morphology 268, 986-1020.

Uriona, T. J. and Farmer, C. G. (2008). Recruitment of the diaphragmaticus, ischiopubis and other respiratory muscles to control pitch and roll in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1141-1147.

Schilling, N. (2009). Metabolic profile of the perivertebral muscles in small therian mammals: implications for the evolution of the mammalian trunk musculature. Zoology 112, 279-304.

Deban, S. M. and Schilling, N. (2009). Activity of trunk muscles during aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in Ambystoma maculatum. Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 2949-2959.

Schwarz-Wings, D., Frey, E. and Martin, T. (2009). Reconstruction of the bracing system of the trunk and tail in hyposaurine dyrosaurids (Crocodylomorpha; Mesoeucrocodylia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29, 453-472.

Gossard, J. P., Dubuc, R. and Kolta, A. (2010). Axial dynamics during locomotion in vertebrates: lesson from the salamander. Breathe, Walk and Chew: The Neural Challenge, 149.

Gossard, J. P., Dubuc, R., & Kolta, A. (2010). Rhythmogenesis in axial locomotor networks: an interspecies comparison. Breathe, Walk and Chew: The Neural Challenge, 189.

Nyakatura, J. A. and Fischer, M. S. (2010). Functional morphology and three-dimensional kinematics of the thoraco-lumbar region of the spine of the two-toed sloth. The Journal of experimental biology 213, 4278-4290.

Schilling, N. and Deban, S. M. (2010). Fiber-Type Distribution of the Perivertebral Musculature. Journal of morphology 271, 200-214.

Schilling, N. (2011). Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Front Zool 8, 4.

Pierce, S. E., Clack, J. A. and Hutchinson, J. R. (2011). Comparative axial morphology in pinnipeds and its correlation with aquatic locomotory behaviour. Journal of anatomy 219, 502-514.

Abdelhadi, J., Wefstaedt, P., Nolte, I. and Schilling, N. (2012). Fore-aft ground force adaptations to induced forelimb lameness in walking and trotting dogs. Plos ONE e52202

Moritz, S. and Schilling, N. (2013). Fiber‐type composition in the perivertebral musculature of lizards: Implications for the evolution of the diapsid trunk muscles. Journal of morphology 274, 294-306.

Ercoli, M. D., Echarri, S., Busker, F., Álvarez, A., Morales, M. M. and Turazzini, G. F. (2013). The functional and phylogenetic implications of the myology of the lumbar region, tail, and hind limbs of the lesser grison (Galictis cuja). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 20, 309-336.

Cabelguen, J. M., Charrier, V. and Mathou, A. (2014). Modular functional organisation of the axial locomotor system in salamanders. Zoology117, 57-63.

Zhao, Q., Sumioka, H., Nakajima, K., Yu, X. and Pfeifer, R. (2014). Spine as an engine: effect of spine morphology on spine-driven quadruped locomotion. Advanced Robotics 28, 367-378.

Schilling, N. and Long, J. H. (2014). Axial systems and their actuation: new twists on the ancient body of craniates. Zoology 117, 1-6.

Webster, E. L., Hudson, P. E. and Channon, S. B. (2014). Comparative functional anatomy of the epaxial musculature of dogs (Canis familiaris) bred for sprinting vs. fighting. Journal of anatomy 225, 317-327.

Horner, A. M. and Jayne, B. C. (2014). Lungfish axial muscle function and the vertebrate water to land transition. PloS one 9, e96516.

Righetti, L., Nylén, A., Rosander, K. and Ijspeert, A. J. (2015). Kinematic and gait similarities between crawling human infants and other quadruped mammals. Frontiers in neurology 6.

Omura, A., Ejima, K. I., Honda, K., Anzai, W., Taguchi, Y., Koyabu, D. and Endo, H. (2015). Locomotion pattern and trunk musculoskeletal architecture among Urodela. Acta Zoologica 96, 225-235.

OMURA, A., ANZAI, W., KOYABU, D. and ENDO, H. (2015). Ontogenetic changes of trunk muscle structure in the Japanese black salamander (Hynobius nigrescens). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (0).

OMURA, A., ANZAI, W., KOYABU, D. and ENDO, H. (2015). Positional strategy of trunk muscles among aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial species in Urodela. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (0).

Jones, K. E. (2015). Evolutionary allometry of lumbar shape in Felidae and Bovidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116, 721-740.

Ryczko, D., Knüsel, J., Crespi, A., Lamarque, S., Mathou, A., Ijspeert, A. J. and Cabelguen, J. M. (2015). Flexibility of the axial central pattern generator network for locomotion in the salamander. Journal of neurophysiology 113, 1921-1940.

Fuchs, A., Anders, A., Nolte, I. and Schilling, N. (2015). Limb and back muscle activity adaptations to tripedal locomotion in dogs. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 323, 506-515.

Huq, E., Wall, C. E. and Taylor, A. B. (2015). Epaxial muscle fiber architecture favors enhanced excursion and power in the leaper Galago senegalensis. Journal of anatomy 227, 524-540.

Nyakatura, J. A. and Stark, H. (2015). Aberrant back muscle function correlates with intramuscular architecture of dorsovertebral muscles in two-toed sloths. Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 80, 114-121.